Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Oct; 87(19): 7777–7781.
Dietary pesticides (99.99% all natural).
B N Ames, M Profet, and L S Gold
Abstract
The toxicological significance of exposures to synthetic chemicals in food is examined in relation to the exposures to naturally occurring chemicals in foods. The authors found that 99.99% (by weight) of the pesticides in the American diet are chemicals that plants produce to defend themselves. 52 natural pesticides have been tested in high-dose animal cancer tests, and about half (27) are found to be rodent carcinogens. These 27 pesticides are present in many common foods. The authors conclude that both natural and synthetic chemicals are equally likely to be variables causing cancer in animals. The authors also conclude that at the low doses of most human exposures the comparative hazards of synthetic pesticide residues are insignificant.
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
Ames BN, Magaw R, Gold LS. Ranking possible carcinogenic hazards. Science. 1987 Apr 17;236(4799):271–280. [PubMed]
Ames BN, Gold LS. Response: paleolithic diet, evolution, and carcinogens. Science. 1987 Dec 18;238(4834):1634–1634. [PubMed]
Ames BN. Dietary carcinogens and anticarcinogens. Oxygen radicals and degenerative diseases. Science. 1983 Sep 23;221(4617):1256–1264. [PubMed]
Ames BN, Gold LS. Pesticides, risk, and applesauce. Science. 1989 May 19;244(4906):755–757. [PubMed]
Ames BN, Gold LS. Chemical carcinogenesis: too many rodent carcinogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Oct;87(19):7772–7776. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Ames BN, Profet M, Gold LS. Nature's chemicals and synthetic chemicals: comparative toxicology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Oct;87(19):7782–7786. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Gold LS, Sawyer CB, Magaw R, Backman GM, de Veciana M, Levinson R, Hooper NK, Havender WR, Bernstein L, Peto R, et al. A carcinogenic potency database of the standardized results of animal bioassays. Environ Health Perspect. 1984 Dec;58:9–319. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Gold LS, de Veciana M, Backman GM, Magaw R, Lopipero P, Smith M, Blumenthal M, Levinson R, Bernstein L, Ames BN. Chronological supplement to the Carcinogenic Potency Database: standardized results of animal bioassays published through December 1982. Environ Health Perspect. 1986 Aug;67:161–200. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Gold LS, Slone TH, Backman GM, Magaw R, Da Costa M, Lopipero P, Blumenthal M, Ames BN. Second chronological supplement to the Carcinogenic Potency Database: standardized results of animal bioassays published through December 1984 and by the National Toxicology Program through May 1986. Environ Health Perspect. 1987 Oct;74:237–329. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Gold LS, Slone TH, Backman GM, Eisenberg S, Da Costa M, Wong M, Manley NB, Rohrbach L, Ames BN. Third chronological supplement to the carcinogenic potency database: standardized results of animal bioassays published through December 1986 and by the National Toxicology Program through June 1987. Environ Health Perspect. 1990 Mar;84:215–286. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Gold LS, Slone TH, Bernstein L. Summary of carcinogenic potency and positivity for 492 rodent carcinogens in the carcinogenic potency database. Environ Health Perspect. 1989 Feb;79:259–272. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Haseman JK. Issues in carcinogenicity testing: dose selection. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1985 Feb;5(1):66–78. [PubMed]
Gunderson EL. FDA Total Diet Study, April 1982-April 1984, dietary intakes of pesticides, selected elements, and other chemicals. J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 1988 Nov-Dec;71(6):1200–1209. [PubMed]
Stich HF, Rosin MP, Wu CH, Powrie WD. A comparative genotoxicity study of chlorogenic acid (3-0-caffeoylquinic acid). Mutat Res. 1981 Nov;90(3):201–212. [PubMed]
Hanham AF, Dunn BP, Stich HF. Clastogenic activity of caffeic acid and its relationship to hydrogen peroxide generated during autooxidation. Mutat Res. 1983 Mar;116(3-4):333–339. [PubMed]
Huff JE, Eustis SL, Haseman JK. Occurrence and relevance of chemically induced benign neoplasms in long-term carcinogenicity studies. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 1989 Jun;8(1):1–22. [PubMed]
Morse MA, Wang CX, Amin SG, Hecht SS, Chung FL. Effects of dietary sinigrin or indole-3-carbinol on O6-methylguanine-DNA-transmethylase activity and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced DNA methylation and tumorigenicity in F344 rats. Carcinogenesis. 1988 Oct;9(10):1891–1895. [PubMed]
Ito N, Hirose M. The role of antioxidants in chemical carcinogenesis. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1987 Oct;78(10):1011–1026. [PubMed]
Hirose M, Fukushima S, Shirai T, Hasegawa R, Kato T, Tanaka H, Asakawa E, Ito N. Stomach carcinogenicity of caffeic acid, sesamol and catechol in rats and mice. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1990 Mar;81(3):207–212. [PubMed]
Fenwick GR, Heaney RK, Mullin WJ. Glucosinolates and their breakdown products in food and food plants. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 1983;18(2):123–201. [PubMed]
McDanell R, McLean AE, Hanley AB, Heaney RK, Fenwick GR. Chemical and biological properties of indole glucosinolates (glucobrassicins): a review. Food Chem Toxicol. 1988 Jan;26(1):59–70. [PubMed]
Nishie K, Daxenbichler ME. Toxicology of glucosinolates, related compounds (nitriles, R-goitrin, isothiocyanates) and vitamin U found in Cruciferae. Food Cosmet Toxicol. 1980 Apr;18(2):159–172. [PubMed]
McManus BM, Toth B, Patil KD. Aortic rupture and aortic smooth muscle tumors in mice. Induction by p-hydrazinobenzoic acid hydrochloride of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Lab Invest. 1987 Jul;57(1):78–85. [PubMed]
Toth B. Carcinogenesis by N2-[gamma-L(+)-glutamyl]-4-carboxyphenylhydrazine of Agaricus bisporus in mice. Anticancer Res. 1986 Sep-Oct;6(5):917–920. [PubMed]
Miller EC, Swanson AB, Phillips DH, Fletcher TL, Liem A, Miller JA. Structure-activity studies of the carcinogenicities in the mouse and rat of some naturally occurring and synthetic alkenylbenzene derivatives related to safrole and estragole. Cancer Res. 1983 Mar;43(3):1124–1134. [PubMed]
Hirose M, Masuda A, Imaida K, Kagawa M, Tsuda H, Ito N. Induction of forestomach lesions in rats by oral administrations of naturally occurring antioxidants for 4 weeks. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1987 Apr;78(4):317–321. [PubMed]
Beier RC, Ivie GW, Oertli EH, Holt DL. HPLC analysis of linear furocoumarins (psoralens) in healthy celery (Apium graveolens). Food Chem Toxicol. 1983 Apr;21(2):163–165. [PubMed]
Chaudhary SK, Ceska O, Têtu C, Warrington PJ, Ashwood-Smith MJ, Poulton GA. Oxypeucedanin, a Major Furocoumarin in Parsley, Petroselinum crispum. Planta Med. 1986 Dec;(6):462–464. [PubMed]
Ivie GW, Holt DL, Ivey MC. Natural toxicants in human foods: psoralens in raw and cooked parsnip root. Science. 1981 Aug 21;213(4510):909–910. [PubMed]
Berkley SF, Hightower AW, Beier RC, Fleming DW, Brokopp CD, Ivie GW, Broome CV. Dermatitis in grocery workers associated with high natural concentrations of furanocoumarins in celery. Ann Intern Med. 1986 Sep;105(3):351–355. [PubMed]
Seligman PJ, Mathias CG, O'Malley MA, Beier RC, Fehrs LJ, Serrill WS, Halperin WE. Phytophotodermatitis from celery among grocery store workers. Arch Dermatol. 1987 Nov;123(11):1478–1482. [PubMed]
Hewitt AD. The "virtual" lab concept: a here-and-now consideration. Comput Healthc. 1984 Sep;5(9):53–55. [PubMed]
Hecker E. Cocarcinogenesis and tumor promoters of the diterpene ester type as possible carcinogenic risk factors. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1981;99(1-2):103–124. [PubMed]
Miura Y, Ogawa K, Fukui H, Tabata M. Changes in the Essential Oil Components during the Development of Fennel Plants from Somatic Embryoids. Planta Med. 1987 Feb;53(1):95–96. [PubMed]
Archer AW. Determination of safrole and myristicin in nutmeg and mace by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr. 1988 Apr 1;438(1):117–121. [PubMed]
Ohta H, Kinjo S, Osajima Y. Glass capillary gas chromatographic analysis of volatile components of canned Philippine pineapple juice. J Chromatogr. 1987 Nov 13;409:409–412. [PubMed]
Schmidtlein H, Herrmann K. Uber die Phenolsäuren des Gemüses. IV. Hydroxyzimtsäuren und Hydroxybenzoesäuren weiterer Gemüsearten und der Kartoffeln. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1975 Dec 16;159(5):255–263. [PubMed]
Herrmann K. Ubersicht über nichtessentielle Inhaltsstoffe der Gemüsearten. III. Möhren, Sellerie, Pastinaken, Rote Rüben, Spinat, Endivien, Treibzichorie, Rhabarber und Artischocken. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1978 Oct 30;167(4):262–273. [PubMed]
Stöhr H, Herrmann K. Uber die Phenolsäuren des Gemüses. III. Hydroxyzimtsäuren und Hydroxybenzoesäuren des Wurzelgemüses. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1975 Nov 24;159(4):218–224. [PubMed]
Tressl R, Bahri D, Köppler H, Jensen A. Diphenole und Caramelkomponenten in Röstkaffees verschiedener Sorten. II. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1978 Aug 30;167(2):111–114. [PubMed]
TREON JF, DUTRA FR, CLEVELAND FP. Toxicity of 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate. I. Immediate toxicity and effects of long-term feeding experiments. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med. 1953 Aug;8(2):170–184. [PubMed]
Furihata C, Matsushima T. Mutagens and carcinogens in foods. Annu Rev Nutr. 1986;6:67–94. [PubMed]
Sugimura T. Successful use of short-term tests for academic purposes: their use in identification of new environmental carcinogens with possible risk for humans. Mutat Res. 1988 May-Aug;205(1-4):33–39. [PubMed]
Takayama S, Nakatsuru Y, Sato S. Carcinogenic effect of the simultaneous administration of five heterocyclic amines to F344 rats. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1987 Oct;78(10):1068–1072. [PubMed]
Beije B, Möller L. 2-Nitrofluorene and related compounds: prevalence and biological effects. Mutat Res. 1988 Sep;196(2):177–209. [PubMed]
Kasamaki A, Yasuhara T, Urasawa S. Neoplastic transformation of Chinese hamster cells in vitro after treatment with flavoring agents. J Toxicol Sci. 1987 Nov;12(4):383–396. [PubMed]
Randerath K, Randerath E, Agrawal HP, Gupta RC, Schurdak ME, Reddy MV. Postlabeling methods for carcinogen-DNA adduct analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 1985 Oct;62:57–65. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Dietary pesticides (99.99% all natural).
B N Ames, M Profet, and L S Gold
Abstract
The toxicological significance of exposures to synthetic chemicals in food is examined in relation to the exposures to naturally occurring chemicals in foods. The authors found that 99.99% (by weight) of the pesticides in the American diet are chemicals that plants produce to defend themselves. 52 natural pesticides have been tested in high-dose animal cancer tests, and about half (27) are found to be rodent carcinogens. These 27 pesticides are present in many common foods. The authors conclude that both natural and synthetic chemicals are equally likely to be variables causing cancer in animals. The authors also conclude that at the low doses of most human exposures the comparative hazards of synthetic pesticide residues are insignificant.
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
Ames BN, Magaw R, Gold LS. Ranking possible carcinogenic hazards. Science. 1987 Apr 17;236(4799):271–280. [PubMed]
Ames BN, Gold LS. Response: paleolithic diet, evolution, and carcinogens. Science. 1987 Dec 18;238(4834):1634–1634. [PubMed]
Ames BN. Dietary carcinogens and anticarcinogens. Oxygen radicals and degenerative diseases. Science. 1983 Sep 23;221(4617):1256–1264. [PubMed]
Ames BN, Gold LS. Pesticides, risk, and applesauce. Science. 1989 May 19;244(4906):755–757. [PubMed]
Ames BN, Gold LS. Chemical carcinogenesis: too many rodent carcinogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Oct;87(19):7772–7776. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Ames BN, Profet M, Gold LS. Nature's chemicals and synthetic chemicals: comparative toxicology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Oct;87(19):7782–7786. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Gold LS, Sawyer CB, Magaw R, Backman GM, de Veciana M, Levinson R, Hooper NK, Havender WR, Bernstein L, Peto R, et al. A carcinogenic potency database of the standardized results of animal bioassays. Environ Health Perspect. 1984 Dec;58:9–319. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Gold LS, de Veciana M, Backman GM, Magaw R, Lopipero P, Smith M, Blumenthal M, Levinson R, Bernstein L, Ames BN. Chronological supplement to the Carcinogenic Potency Database: standardized results of animal bioassays published through December 1982. Environ Health Perspect. 1986 Aug;67:161–200. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Gold LS, Slone TH, Backman GM, Magaw R, Da Costa M, Lopipero P, Blumenthal M, Ames BN. Second chronological supplement to the Carcinogenic Potency Database: standardized results of animal bioassays published through December 1984 and by the National Toxicology Program through May 1986. Environ Health Perspect. 1987 Oct;74:237–329. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Gold LS, Slone TH, Backman GM, Eisenberg S, Da Costa M, Wong M, Manley NB, Rohrbach L, Ames BN. Third chronological supplement to the carcinogenic potency database: standardized results of animal bioassays published through December 1986 and by the National Toxicology Program through June 1987. Environ Health Perspect. 1990 Mar;84:215–286. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Gold LS, Slone TH, Bernstein L. Summary of carcinogenic potency and positivity for 492 rodent carcinogens in the carcinogenic potency database. Environ Health Perspect. 1989 Feb;79:259–272. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Haseman JK. Issues in carcinogenicity testing: dose selection. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1985 Feb;5(1):66–78. [PubMed]
Gunderson EL. FDA Total Diet Study, April 1982-April 1984, dietary intakes of pesticides, selected elements, and other chemicals. J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 1988 Nov-Dec;71(6):1200–1209. [PubMed]
Stich HF, Rosin MP, Wu CH, Powrie WD. A comparative genotoxicity study of chlorogenic acid (3-0-caffeoylquinic acid). Mutat Res. 1981 Nov;90(3):201–212. [PubMed]
Hanham AF, Dunn BP, Stich HF. Clastogenic activity of caffeic acid and its relationship to hydrogen peroxide generated during autooxidation. Mutat Res. 1983 Mar;116(3-4):333–339. [PubMed]
Huff JE, Eustis SL, Haseman JK. Occurrence and relevance of chemically induced benign neoplasms in long-term carcinogenicity studies. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 1989 Jun;8(1):1–22. [PubMed]
Morse MA, Wang CX, Amin SG, Hecht SS, Chung FL. Effects of dietary sinigrin or indole-3-carbinol on O6-methylguanine-DNA-transmethylase activity and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced DNA methylation and tumorigenicity in F344 rats. Carcinogenesis. 1988 Oct;9(10):1891–1895. [PubMed]
Ito N, Hirose M. The role of antioxidants in chemical carcinogenesis. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1987 Oct;78(10):1011–1026. [PubMed]
Hirose M, Fukushima S, Shirai T, Hasegawa R, Kato T, Tanaka H, Asakawa E, Ito N. Stomach carcinogenicity of caffeic acid, sesamol and catechol in rats and mice. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1990 Mar;81(3):207–212. [PubMed]
Fenwick GR, Heaney RK, Mullin WJ. Glucosinolates and their breakdown products in food and food plants. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 1983;18(2):123–201. [PubMed]
McDanell R, McLean AE, Hanley AB, Heaney RK, Fenwick GR. Chemical and biological properties of indole glucosinolates (glucobrassicins): a review. Food Chem Toxicol. 1988 Jan;26(1):59–70. [PubMed]
Nishie K, Daxenbichler ME. Toxicology of glucosinolates, related compounds (nitriles, R-goitrin, isothiocyanates) and vitamin U found in Cruciferae. Food Cosmet Toxicol. 1980 Apr;18(2):159–172. [PubMed]
McManus BM, Toth B, Patil KD. Aortic rupture and aortic smooth muscle tumors in mice. Induction by p-hydrazinobenzoic acid hydrochloride of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Lab Invest. 1987 Jul;57(1):78–85. [PubMed]
Toth B. Carcinogenesis by N2-[gamma-L(+)-glutamyl]-4-carboxyphenylhydrazine of Agaricus bisporus in mice. Anticancer Res. 1986 Sep-Oct;6(5):917–920. [PubMed]
Miller EC, Swanson AB, Phillips DH, Fletcher TL, Liem A, Miller JA. Structure-activity studies of the carcinogenicities in the mouse and rat of some naturally occurring and synthetic alkenylbenzene derivatives related to safrole and estragole. Cancer Res. 1983 Mar;43(3):1124–1134. [PubMed]
Hirose M, Masuda A, Imaida K, Kagawa M, Tsuda H, Ito N. Induction of forestomach lesions in rats by oral administrations of naturally occurring antioxidants for 4 weeks. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1987 Apr;78(4):317–321. [PubMed]
Beier RC, Ivie GW, Oertli EH, Holt DL. HPLC analysis of linear furocoumarins (psoralens) in healthy celery (Apium graveolens). Food Chem Toxicol. 1983 Apr;21(2):163–165. [PubMed]
Chaudhary SK, Ceska O, Têtu C, Warrington PJ, Ashwood-Smith MJ, Poulton GA. Oxypeucedanin, a Major Furocoumarin in Parsley, Petroselinum crispum. Planta Med. 1986 Dec;(6):462–464. [PubMed]
Ivie GW, Holt DL, Ivey MC. Natural toxicants in human foods: psoralens in raw and cooked parsnip root. Science. 1981 Aug 21;213(4510):909–910. [PubMed]
Berkley SF, Hightower AW, Beier RC, Fleming DW, Brokopp CD, Ivie GW, Broome CV. Dermatitis in grocery workers associated with high natural concentrations of furanocoumarins in celery. Ann Intern Med. 1986 Sep;105(3):351–355. [PubMed]
Seligman PJ, Mathias CG, O'Malley MA, Beier RC, Fehrs LJ, Serrill WS, Halperin WE. Phytophotodermatitis from celery among grocery store workers. Arch Dermatol. 1987 Nov;123(11):1478–1482. [PubMed]
Hewitt AD. The "virtual" lab concept: a here-and-now consideration. Comput Healthc. 1984 Sep;5(9):53–55. [PubMed]
Hecker E. Cocarcinogenesis and tumor promoters of the diterpene ester type as possible carcinogenic risk factors. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1981;99(1-2):103–124. [PubMed]
Miura Y, Ogawa K, Fukui H, Tabata M. Changes in the Essential Oil Components during the Development of Fennel Plants from Somatic Embryoids. Planta Med. 1987 Feb;53(1):95–96. [PubMed]
Archer AW. Determination of safrole and myristicin in nutmeg and mace by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr. 1988 Apr 1;438(1):117–121. [PubMed]
Ohta H, Kinjo S, Osajima Y. Glass capillary gas chromatographic analysis of volatile components of canned Philippine pineapple juice. J Chromatogr. 1987 Nov 13;409:409–412. [PubMed]
Schmidtlein H, Herrmann K. Uber die Phenolsäuren des Gemüses. IV. Hydroxyzimtsäuren und Hydroxybenzoesäuren weiterer Gemüsearten und der Kartoffeln. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1975 Dec 16;159(5):255–263. [PubMed]
Herrmann K. Ubersicht über nichtessentielle Inhaltsstoffe der Gemüsearten. III. Möhren, Sellerie, Pastinaken, Rote Rüben, Spinat, Endivien, Treibzichorie, Rhabarber und Artischocken. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1978 Oct 30;167(4):262–273. [PubMed]
Stöhr H, Herrmann K. Uber die Phenolsäuren des Gemüses. III. Hydroxyzimtsäuren und Hydroxybenzoesäuren des Wurzelgemüses. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1975 Nov 24;159(4):218–224. [PubMed]
Tressl R, Bahri D, Köppler H, Jensen A. Diphenole und Caramelkomponenten in Röstkaffees verschiedener Sorten. II. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1978 Aug 30;167(2):111–114. [PubMed]
TREON JF, DUTRA FR, CLEVELAND FP. Toxicity of 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate. I. Immediate toxicity and effects of long-term feeding experiments. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med. 1953 Aug;8(2):170–184. [PubMed]
Furihata C, Matsushima T. Mutagens and carcinogens in foods. Annu Rev Nutr. 1986;6:67–94. [PubMed]
Sugimura T. Successful use of short-term tests for academic purposes: their use in identification of new environmental carcinogens with possible risk for humans. Mutat Res. 1988 May-Aug;205(1-4):33–39. [PubMed]
Takayama S, Nakatsuru Y, Sato S. Carcinogenic effect of the simultaneous administration of five heterocyclic amines to F344 rats. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1987 Oct;78(10):1068–1072. [PubMed]
Beije B, Möller L. 2-Nitrofluorene and related compounds: prevalence and biological effects. Mutat Res. 1988 Sep;196(2):177–209. [PubMed]
Kasamaki A, Yasuhara T, Urasawa S. Neoplastic transformation of Chinese hamster cells in vitro after treatment with flavoring agents. J Toxicol Sci. 1987 Nov;12(4):383–396. [PubMed]
Randerath K, Randerath E, Agrawal HP, Gupta RC, Schurdak ME, Reddy MV. Postlabeling methods for carcinogen-DNA adduct analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 1985 Oct;62:57–65. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
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