JEE Main 2015 Chemistry Study Material Blog

November Top 10 Posts
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Entry	Pageviews
IIT JEE Chemistry Concepts Revision Materials Sep 30, 2012, 1 comment	280
Stereochemistry - Introduction Jul 21, 2012	276
Magnesium - Chemistry Mar 22, 2014	258
Chemistry Knowledge History - January Jul 21, 2012	250
JEE (Advanced) 2013 Chemistry Syllabus Apr 20, 2013	241
Chapters - Modern Chemistry for Class XI by Dr. S.... Apr 30, 2012, 3 comments	137
Preparation of Ferrous ammonium sulphate (Mohr’s s... Oct 16, 2008	102
R.C. Mukherjee, Modern Approach to Chemical Calcul... Dec 28, 2008, 3 comments	70
Difference Between a Metal and Polymer Feb 20, 2010	58
IIT JEE Books Download Oct 20, 2007	34

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Famous Scientists - Birthdays

Engineering Sciences - Management Sciences - Mathematics and Statistics - Medical Sciences - Natural Sciences - Physical Sciences - Social Sciences

January



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May
  1-  Santiago Ramon y Cajal
  2 - Sir James Dyson
  3 - George Paget Thompson (1892) - NPW Physics
  4 - Thomas Henry Huxley (1825)
  5 - Arthur Leonard Schawlow
  6 - Victor Grignard
  7 -  Sidney Altman - NPW Chemistry
  8 -  Andre Lwoff - NPW
  9 -  Michael Levitt NPW Chemistry
10 - George E Smith
11 - Richard Feynman
12 - Dorothy Hodgkin - Nobel Prize Winner
13 - Ronald Ross,
14 - B.R.Ambedkar - Phd(Economics),
15 - Pierre Curie (1859)
16 - Illya Illyich Mechnikov (1845)
17 - Odd Hassel (1897)
18 - Vincent du Vigneaud (1901)
19 - Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
20 - Eduard Buchner (1860)
21 - G.S. Maddala (Econometric Book author)
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23 - Michael Porter
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June
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30 - C.N.R. Rao

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30 - Henry Ford (1863)
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October
  1- Jimmy Carter
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  6- Le Corbusier (1887), George Westinghouse (1846)
  7 - Niels Bohr (1885)
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14 - W.Edwards Deming (1900),
15 - Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen, Dr. Kalam (1931),
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17 -  Zhao Ziyang (1919)
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25 - Pablo Picasso (1881)
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27 - James Cook (1728),  Isaac Singer (1811)
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30 - Homi J Bhabha,
31 - , Christopher Columbus (1451)


November
  1 - Alfred Wegener (1980)
  3 - Amartya Sen (1933) - Nobel Laureate in Economics - Bharat Ratna, James Rothman (1950)
  7 - C.V. Raman
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19 - Peter Drucker (1909)
19 - Jack Welch - CEO, General Electric
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26 - Norbert Wiener (1894) - Scientist
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28 - William Blake - Philosopher
29 - Ambrose Fleming (1849) - inventor (diode)
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  4 - Thomas Carlyle
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24 - James Prescott Joule (1818)
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25 - Issac Newton (1642)
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27 - Johannes Kepler (1571)
27 - Louis Pasteur (1822) - Steriization and Pasteurization
28 - John Von Neumann
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30 -   Randy Schekman (1948)
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http://www.famousscientists.org/



Nobel Prize Winner 2013

Medicine

James Rothman
Randy Schekman
Thomas Suedhof


Physics

Peter Higgs
Francois Englert

Alfred Wegener - Biography and Scientific Contribution

Birthday - 1 November 1880

Alfred Wegener was born in Berlin in 1880. He studied in Germany and Austria, receiving his PhD in astronomy. But  he shifted his attention to meteorology, the new science of weather, quickly after his PhD. He took up teaching meteorology at the University of Marburg and became  a very popular lecturer.

In 1910, Wegener noticed the matching coastlines of the Atlantic continents on maps and they felt that they were separated and were part of  single land mass earlier. In 1911, he published a textbook on the thermodynamics of atmosphere. In January 1912,  he put forth the idea of "continental displacement"   In that year only, he got married to the daughter of Germany's leading meteorologist.

He served in World War I and was wounded twice. He published his theory on separation of the continents  in 1915. They constituted the first focused and rational argument for continental drift. He received support of some scientists but many scientists opposed him including his father-in-law. His father-in-law was also unhappy that Wegener was neglecting meteorology and entering into the unknown subject  of geophysics.

In 1926 Wegener was made  professor of meteorology. In 1930 he sailed from Denmark as the leader of a major expedition to Greenland.  He celebrated his fiftieth birthday on November 1 during this expedition. But he lost his way one day during the expedition and there was a blizzard. His body was found halfway between the two camps.

Wegener's theories were tested and extended by Harry Hess and others. In 1960, Hess proposed the mechanism of sea-floor spreading, which would explain how the continents moved. Newly discovered exploration techniques were employed to test this theory and support was provided to Wegener's chief idea.


http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bowege.html

Continental Drift Theory Explanation - BBC Science

Decoy Axl Proteins to Prevent Metastasis in Cancer Patients - Stanford Research

A paper describing the research was published online Sept. 21 in Nature Chemical Biology. Cochran, Associate Professor and Amato Giaccia, professor of radiation oncology, share senior authorship of the paper. The lead author is Mihalis Kariolis, a former graduate student in Cochran’s Stanford lab who is now a postdoctoral scholar in Giaccia's lab.

Presently doctors try to slow or stop metastasis with chemotherapy, but these treatments are unfortunately not very effective and have severe side effects.

The Stanford team's research show that  metastasis can be stopped, without side effects, by preventing two proteins – Axl and Gas6 – from interacting to initiate the spread of cancer cells to other parts in the body from the original site where cancer originated. Their experiments were successful in cancer affected mice.

http://news.stanford.edu/news/2014/september/metastasis-protein-therapy-092114.html


The article was published in Mumbai Mirror of 23 September 2014.

Rise in Sea/Ocean Level Due to Climate Change - Environmental Degradation

After a period of approximately 2,000 years of little change (not shown here), global average sea level rose throughout the 20th century, and the rate of change has accelerated in recent years. When averaged over all the world’s oceans, absolute sea level increased at an average rate of 0.06 inches per year from 1880 to 2012. Since 1993, however, average sea level has risen at a rate of 0.11 to 0.12 inches per year—roughly twice as fast as the long-term trend.
Relative sea level rose along much of the U.S. coastline between 1960 and 2013, some stations registered increases of more than 8 inches


http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/indicators/oceans/sea-level.html

http://ocean.nationalgeographic.com/ocean/critical-issues-sea-level-rise/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/climate/impact/sea_level.shtml

Science Shop - Concept, Development and Contribution

Science shops provide the science services to the society with a mission to respond to the needs of the various people in the society in a social enterprise way. They are normally started in universities and students provide the research support in the activities or projects of the science shop. The science shop provides a project based learning route to students.



http://www.livingknowledge.org/livingknowledge/science-shops/faq/about-science-shops

History of Science - 1701 to 1800 AD

1727
Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) started Junto, in America, wherein persons doing scientific work gathered and exchanged their studies.

History of Science - 1501 to 1600 AD

On May 24, 1543, modern astronomy was born. On that day the book, On the Revolution of Heavenly Bodies, was brought to the death bed of its Polish author, Nikolaus Copernicus. Copernicus said that earth was a revolving around the Sun.

1585
Thomas Harriot (1560 to 1621) published "A Briefe and True Report of the New Foundland of Virginia." It described the material, biological and human elements  of Roanoke Island, North Carolina (Now USA).

History of Science - Ancient Age

Science is knowledge of the world of nature. There are many regularities in nature that mankind had recognized and used for its survival since the emergence of Homo sapiens as a species. The Sun and the Moon periodically repeat their movements. Daily “motion” of the Sun as well as its annual “motion” correlate with important terrestrial events. Day and night provide the basic rhythm of human existence; the seasons determined the migration of animals upon which humans depended for millennia for survival. With the invention of agriculture, the seasons became even more crucial, to recognize the proper time for planting. Science defined as knowledge of natural processes has existed since the dawn of human existence.

Spiritual and divine forces were accepted as both real and necessary until the end of the 18th century and, in areas such as biology, deep into the 19th century as well. Thus the scientific discourse includes references to spiritual and divine forces.

Certain conventions governed the thinking regarding the God or the gods or to spirits. Gods and spirits, it was held,  were themselves rational, or bound by rational principles, it was possible for humans to uncover the rational order of the world. Faith in the ultimate rationality of the creator or governor of the world has actually stimulated original scientific work by many. Kepler’s laws, Newton’s absolute space, and Einstein’s rejection of the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics were all based on theological, not scientific, assumptions. For many, the ultimate intelligibility of nature has seemed to demand some rational guiding spirit.

Science, then, is to be considered as knowledge of natural regularities that is subjected to some degree of experimental rigour and explained by rational causes. Nature is known only through the senses. The invention of such instruments as the telescope, the microscope, and the Geiger counter has brought an ever-increasing range of phenomena within the scope of the senses. The progress of science is aided by these various instruments that increase the ability of man to sense.

Science, as explained above must have made its appearance before writing. It is necessary, therefore, to infer from archaeological remains what was the content of that science that was discovered before the age of writing. From cave paintings etc. it was concluded  that prehistoric humans were close observers of nature who carefully tracked the seasons and times of the year. About 2500 bce there was a sudden burst of activity that seems to have had clear scientific importance. Great Britain and northwestern Europe contain large stone structures from that era (the most famous of which is Stonehenge on the Salisbury Plain in England) that are remarkable from a scientific point of view. They reveal technical and social skills of a high order. Their layouts suggest a degree of mathematical sophistication. Stonehenge and other megalithic structures are apparently constructed on the basis of  mathematical principles that includes knowledge of the  famous Pythagorean theorem that the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. Now it can be said that this theorem, or at least the Pythagorean numbers that can be generated by it, are  known  throughout Asia, the Middle East, and Neolithic Europe two millennia before the birth of Pythagoras.

The combination of religion and astronomy was fundamental to the early history of science.  The sky with the clearly discernible order and regularity of most  bodies in it highlighted by extraordinary events such as comets and novae and the peculiar motions of the planets, obviously was an irresistible intellectual puzzle to early mankind. In its search for order and regularity, the human mind seized upon the sky and its bodies to develop the understanding of its working. Astronomy remained the queen of the sciences  for the next 4,000 years (beginning with 2500 bce)

Hellenic Science

The first natural philosopher, according to Hellenic tradition, was Thales of Miletus, who flourished in the 6th century bce. He tried to explain all observed natural phenomena in terms of the changes of a single substance, water, which can be seen to exist in solid, liquid, and gaseous states. Thales advocated that the guarantee for the regularity and rationality of the world was the innate divinity in all things that directed them to their divinely appointed ends. This  idea gave birth to two characteristics of classical Greek science. The first was the view of the universe as an ordered structure (the Greek kósmos means “order”). The second was the conviction that this order was not that of a mechanical contrivance but that of an organism; all parts of the universe had purposes in the overall scheme of things, and objects moved naturally toward the ends they were fated to serve. Thales'  own disciple, Anaximander, was argued that water could not be the basic substance as dry things that are observed in the world cannot be produced from water. Thus, the birth of the critical tradition that is fundamental to the advance of science has started.

Various single substances were proposed and then rejected in the quest for the ultimate substance and then multiplicity of elements were proposed that could account for such opposite qualities as wet and dry, hot and cold. Two centuries after Thales, most natural philosophers accepted a doctrine of four elements: earth (cold and dry), fire (hot and dry), water (cold and wet), and air (hot and wet). All bodies were made from these four. The Indian tradition talks of five elements.


Entire History of Science
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Is the video posted with copy right? check.

https://archive.org/details/guidetohistoryof00sart


Euclid onwards
https://archive.org/details/ancientsciencean030375mbp

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528771/history-of-science/29319/The-Middle-East

History of Science in United States of America (USA)

Today I came across a book containing stories of scientists from USA.

The book mentions that Thomas Harriot reached to the coast of present North Carolina and stayed there for a year on Roanoke island. He wrote a book on report on various things available there and this is the first investigation from science point of view in USA.

http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/content/scientific_revolution/harriot/project_infos/harriot-biography 

There are no permanent black holes - Only transient black holes - Stephen Hawking

Hawking proposed the idea that black holes are only "temporary horizons" and they hold light and information temporarily before releasing them back into space in garbled form.

His work addresses the "black-wall firewall paradox" first proposed by theoretical physicist Joseph Polchinski and his colleagues almost two years ago.


Original paper by Stephen Hawking
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1401.5761v1.pdf

Explanations of the article

http://www.nature.com/news/stephen-hawking-there-are-no-black-holes-1.14583

http://www.popsci.com/article/science/stephen-hawking-says-there-are-no-black-holes